論一種大腦皮層的不尋常疾病
◎沈政男
今天6月14日是德國精神科醫生阿茲海默（Alois Alzheimer）的生日（1864-1915）。「阿茲海默」這樣的中文翻譯是錯誤的，德文發音應該是艾爾彩墨。.....
◎沈政男
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國立故宮博物院 National Palace Museum
....這件【杜虎符】不只製作精美，也代表了重大的歷史意義。杜虎符原分兩合，現僅存左半，根據上頭銘文的記載，這件【杜虎符】右半在秦君處，左半則在「杜」地的軍事將領處，如果要調動甲士五十人以上，一定要由使臣持右半的君符驗合，方能用兵；但是如果有緊急的狀況，也可不必合符就用兵。根據這樣的記載，正好體現了商鞅變法以來，秦國所逐步實現的中央集權，【杜虎符】正是秦君掌握軍權的重要根據！
目前發現的秦虎符僅有三件，而這件【杜虎符】是年代最早、器型最大、錯金最精美、文字最多的一件，真的非常珍貴！
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秦•俑–秦文化與兵馬俑特展（北部院區）圖書文獻大樓1F特展室
【戰國中期•秦（秦惠文君時期）杜虎符】 陝西歷史博物館藏
Special Exhibit: TERRACOTTA: The Rise and Legacy of Qin Culture Exhibition Area II 1F , Library Building (Northern Branch)
【Tiger-shaped Military fu Tally of Du】 Shaanxi History Museum
Mid-Warring States Period│State of Qin (In the Reign of Lord Huiwen of Qin)
L: 9.5 cm, H: 4.4 cm, T: 0.7 cm
展期(Dates)：2016/05/07(六) ~ 08/31(三)
文物賞析：
杜虎符原分兩合，現僅存左半。虎符正面突起如浮雕，虎作昂首遠眺狀。虎符背面有倒三角形的牝榫結構，以與右半君符牡榫相合，若兩半相合，即成為完整的虎形。
正面有錯金銘文共九行四十字，字體是典型的秦篆，釋文為︰
兵甲之符，右才（在）君，左才（在）杜。凡興士被（披）甲，用兵五十人以上，必會君符，乃敢行之。燔燧之事，雖母（毋－無）會符，行殹（也）。
銘文講這件兵甲之符右半在秦君處，左半在杜地的軍事將領處。如果調動甲士五十人以上，一定要由使臣持右半的君符驗合，方能用兵。但是如果有烽燧緊急之軍事，也可不必合符就用兵。
杜虎符“右在君”之“君”指秦惠文君，秦惠文君立十三年，改元稱王。杜虎符應作於秦惠文君稱君的十三年間。「左在杜」之”杜”指秦內史之地的杜縣，據考證，出土杜虎符的北沈家橋村就是秦杜縣之中心所在。
虎符是國君調動軍隊的憑信物。目前發現的秦虎符僅有新郪虎符、陽陵虎符和杜虎符三件，而杜虎符是年代最早、器型最大、錯金最精美、文字最多的一件，可見其異常珍貴。秦自商鞅變法以來，逐步實現中央集權，虎符正是秦君掌握軍權的實物明證。(余兆冰)
This tiger-shaped fu tally was originally composed of two parts, of which this is the left portion. On the front of the tally, 40 words in classic Qinzhuan (Qin seal) script have been engraved, stating that “... the tiger right part of the tally rests in the hands of the King, while the left part is kept at Du (Du County of the Qin Capital reign; Shenjiaqiao Village was likely near the administrative center of the time). To levy more than 50 troops and equip them with armor, the tally must be matched with the King`s tally. However, when the signal fires are raised, action may be taken without matching of the tallies.
The fact that approval from the Qin King and matching of the tallies was required before 50 soldiers could be sent into action is demonstrative of the centralized military control exercised by the Qin state. The king described on the tally was Lord Huiwen of Qin (r. 338-311 B.C.E.), who declared himself a King in the 13th Year of his reign. This tiger-shaped fu tally of Du was most likely made at some point during the 13 years that Lord Huiwen reigned as King of Qin. To date, only three tiger-shaped fu tallies from Qin era have been unearthed: the Xinqi tally, the Yangling tally, and the Du tally. The tiger-shaped tally of Du is by far the oldest and the largest; it also has the most words inscribed. Exquisitely inlaid with gold, the Du tally is unusually lavish compared to the other two tallies, and was certainly an appropriate symbol of royal military authority wielded by the Qin Kings.
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秦•俑–秦文化與兵馬俑特展粉絲專頁：https://www.facebook.com/terracotta2016
展覽網站：http://www.mediasphere.com.tw/show/show/terracotta2016
目前發現的秦虎符僅有三件，而這件【杜虎符】是年代最早、器型最大、錯金最精美、文字最多的一件，真的非常珍貴！
****************************************
秦•俑–秦文化與兵馬俑特展（北部院區）圖書文獻大樓1F特展室
【戰國中期•秦（秦惠文君時期）杜虎符】 陝西歷史博物館藏
Special Exhibit: TERRACOTTA: The Rise and Legacy of Qin Culture Exhibition Area II 1F , Library Building (Northern Branch)
【Tiger-shaped Military fu Tally of Du】 Shaanxi History Museum
Mid-Warring States Period│State of Qin (In the Reign of Lord Huiwen of Qin)
L: 9.5 cm, H: 4.4 cm, T: 0.7 cm
展期(Dates)：2016/05/07(六) ~ 08/31(三)
文物賞析：
杜虎符原分兩合，現僅存左半。虎符正面突起如浮雕，虎作昂首遠眺狀。虎符背面有倒三角形的牝榫結構，以與右半君符牡榫相合，若兩半相合，即成為完整的虎形。
正面有錯金銘文共九行四十字，字體是典型的秦篆，釋文為︰
兵甲之符，右才（在）君，左才（在）杜。凡興士被（披）甲，用兵五十人以上，必會君符，乃敢行之。燔燧之事，雖母（毋－無）會符，行殹（也）。
銘文講這件兵甲之符右半在秦君處，左半在杜地的軍事將領處。如果調動甲士五十人以上，一定要由使臣持右半的君符驗合，方能用兵。但是如果有烽燧緊急之軍事，也可不必合符就用兵。
杜虎符“右在君”之“君”指秦惠文君，秦惠文君立十三年，改元稱王。杜虎符應作於秦惠文君稱君的十三年間。「左在杜」之”杜”指秦內史之地的杜縣，據考證，出土杜虎符的北沈家橋村就是秦杜縣之中心所在。
虎符是國君調動軍隊的憑信物。目前發現的秦虎符僅有新郪虎符、陽陵虎符和杜虎符三件，而杜虎符是年代最早、器型最大、錯金最精美、文字最多的一件，可見其異常珍貴。秦自商鞅變法以來，逐步實現中央集權，虎符正是秦君掌握軍權的實物明證。(余兆冰)
This tiger-shaped fu tally was originally composed of two parts, of which this is the left portion. On the front of the tally, 40 words in classic Qinzhuan (Qin seal) script have been engraved, stating that “... the tiger right part of the tally rests in the hands of the King, while the left part is kept at Du (Du County of the Qin Capital reign; Shenjiaqiao Village was likely near the administrative center of the time). To levy more than 50 troops and equip them with armor, the tally must be matched with the King`s tally. However, when the signal fires are raised, action may be taken without matching of the tallies.
The fact that approval from the Qin King and matching of the tallies was required before 50 soldiers could be sent into action is demonstrative of the centralized military control exercised by the Qin state. The king described on the tally was Lord Huiwen of Qin (r. 338-311 B.C.E.), who declared himself a King in the 13th Year of his reign. This tiger-shaped fu tally of Du was most likely made at some point during the 13 years that Lord Huiwen reigned as King of Qin. To date, only three tiger-shaped fu tallies from Qin era have been unearthed: the Xinqi tally, the Yangling tally, and the Du tally. The tiger-shaped tally of Du is by far the oldest and the largest; it also has the most words inscribed. Exquisitely inlaid with gold, the Du tally is unusually lavish compared to the other two tallies, and was certainly an appropriate symbol of royal military authority wielded by the Qin Kings.
****************************************
秦•俑–秦文化與兵馬俑特展粉絲專頁：https://www.facebook.com/terracotta2016
展覽網站：http://www.mediasphere.com.tw/show/show/terracotta2016
根據國立故宮博物院 National Palace Museum 上述中英對照，"(虎)符"無法英譯，所以搞個 " fu tally" 音符，其實，fu 是冗餘的。
符
で、上級官庁から直属の下級官庁へ出した公文書。差し出す官庁によって太政官符・省符・国符などとよばれた。→
tally
可參考：
林語堂《當代漢英詞典》電子版- Lin Yutang's Chinese-English Dictionary ...
符
1) Tally (with two halves, made of wood, bamboo, jade, metal): 符節 [fu2jie1]↓.
4. 符節 [fu2jie1], n., tally.
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