2014年7月28日 星期一

World Within Walls; 10 Famous Names Brits and Americans Pronounce Differently

10 Famous Names Brits and Americans Pronounce Differently

Scarlett Johansson (Photo: AP/Jacques Brinon)
Scarlett Johansson (Photo: AP/Jacques Brinon)
There are many world leaders, historical figures, and pop culture icons who are well-known in both Britain and the U.S. However, there’s one thing Brits and Americans don’t always agree on—how to say their names. Here are 10 celebrities whose names are pronounced differently based on which side of the Pond you are.
1. Scarlett Johansson
American actress Scarlett Johansson is one of those personalities whose Scandinavian last name (her father was a Danish citizen) leads many Brits to incorporate a Y-sound as the initial phoneme of her last name—as in “yo-HAN-sen.” However, the Lucy star, as well as the American public-at-large, prefer to pronounce “Johansson” exactly as it is spelled—as in jo-HAN-sen. Thankfully, both countries can agree on the pronunciation of her first name, which is more than can be said for the next person on this list.
2. Adolf Hitler
Most Brits and Americans are in general agreement regarding their opinion of the former German dictator. What is not so cut and dried is the way in which we pronounce his first name. In Britain, the preferred pronunciation is almost always ADD-olf, whereas some Americans—and this appears to be a generational thing—like to say AID-olf. At least we can all agree on how to pronounce his last name; the next person doesn’t have one.
3. Pelé
Okay, so technically speaking, Edson Arantes do Nascimento in fact has more than one last name; however, football fans know him by just one: Pelé. The legendary former Brazil striker is perhaps the greatest football (or is that soccer?) player of all time, yet people on either side of the pond cannot seem to agree on the pronunciation of “Pelé.” Actually, I should rephrase that: Americans cannot seem to agree on the pronunciation of “Pelé.” While the British pretty much universally say PELL-ay, Americans seem to be torn between this pronunciation and the following one: PAY-lay.
4. Louis Pasteur
French chemist Louis Pasteur is arguably the most well-known microbiologist of all time for his breakthrough work on vaccinations, microbial fermentation, and of course, pasteurization. But Americans and Brits are utterly divided over the pronunciation of not just one, but both of his names. On the whole, the British lean closer to the French pronunciation: loo-ee PASS-dirr. Americans, on the other hand, offer several alternatives. While some Americans do pronounce his first name LOO-ee, many will say LOO-iss (as with “St. Louis”). For his last name, Americans might opt for PAST-yoor, PAST-oor, PAST-yer or PAST-dirr.
5. Pete Doherty
Let’s face it; Pete Doherty is not always the most coherent of individuals. But on those rare occasions when we can decipher what the Babyshambles andLibertines frontman is saying, he himself would insist that the pronunciation of his last name is DOCK-er-ty. Indeed, British music fans are usually in agreement with this, if not with the singer’s antics. But Americans, just as they do with Doherty’s namesake Shannen (of 90210 fame), usually opt for the alternative DOUGH-er-ty.
6. Andy Warhol
This one might just be the most subtle difference on the list. The 1960s pop artist—known for his prints of famous people and Campbell’s Soup cans—was something of a divisive figure in the art world. It is fitting, then, that the pronunciation of his last name should be a source of division among Brits and Americans. The latter generally pronounce it as WAR-holl, whereas the former like to elongate the final vowel sound: WAR-whole. (Note: most Brits will also drop the rhotic “r.”)
7. Buddha
Buddha is the second and final mononymous person on this list. Unlike Pelé, however, the founder of Buddhism offers a universal pronunciation in the United States, where Americans are quite firmly in the camp of BOO-da. Brits, meanwhile, tend not to elongate the initial vowel sound, instead pronouncing it BUD-uh.
8. Vladimir Putin
While the name “Vladimir” might not cause too much of a discrepancy between our two nations, the Russian leader’s last name produces what I like to call the “Tuesday effect”—that is, a difference in how Brits and Americans say the “u” sound. Simply put, Brits usually pronounce it PYOO-tin, while Americans say POO-tin. Americans will often use a glottal stop in place of the hard “t.” Watch this clip from Late Night Starring Jimmy Fallon to hear it in action.
9. Christina Aguilera
For whatever reason, Brits have a hard time correctly pronouncing Spanish names (“Chile,” “Nicaragua” and “Uruguay” are among some of the place names we pronounce differently to not only Americans, but the Spanish.) The vast majority of Brits would pronounce the last name of U.S. singer Christina Aguilera as AGWIL-era. Americans, on the other hand, have a relatively decent grasp of Spanish, given that the language is often taught in schools across the country. Thus, Americans usually pronounce it AGEE-lera, though variations such as AGYA-lera and AGIL-era also exist.
10. Vincent van Gogh
Tony Curran as Vincent van Gogh in 'Doctor Who' (Photo: BBC)
Tony Curran as Vincent van Gogh in ‘Doctor Who’ (Photo: BBC)
The Dutch post-impressionist Vincent van Gogh’s name seems to cause more debate than any other on the list. For their part, British people are more likely to say van-GOFF (see Matt Smith in the Doctor Who episode “Vincent and the Doctor”). Meanwhile, Americans—presumably influenced by the “-gh” pronunciation in words like “though”—pronounce it van-GO. Brits and Americans each tend to think that their way is correct, but actually both are wrong. The Dutch pronunciation would be closer to vun-KHOKH.

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The Lyric Journey Poetic Painting in China and Jap...


此書注解第3章61/61都將書名within 翻譯成without,很奇怪:沒有圍牆的世界

如果懂得點日本史,看副標題,當知道它談的是美國黑船扣門前的江戶期文學。

World Within Walls: Japanese Literature of the Pre-Modern Era, 1600–1867

Donald Keene
October, 1999 

2014年7月27日 星期日

Arthur Rackham, David Beckham,說 tomahto, Homer, Rhinoceros 《犀牛》


1977年從希臘朋友知道,Homer 讀成"歐馬"。

今天讀李怡的"犀牛化",也想到類似的rhinoceros犀牛
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/rhinoceros
Origin
Middle English: via Latin from Greek rhinokerōs, fromrhisrhin- 'nose' + keras 'horn'.

我在「蘋論」中寫到《犀牛》,那是法語作家歐仁.尤內斯庫(Eugene Ionesco,1909-1994)寫於1960年的荒誕劇。六十年代盧景文把它搬上香港舞台,我看後深受震撼。著名的戲劇家毛俊輝在一篇訪問中,也說他年輕時因為看了舞台劇《犀牛》感到震撼而找到人生的出路,這出路就是在迷失的世界裏,人必須掌握自己的未來,並由此而打開他從事戲劇之門。
《犀牛》的故事講一個小公務員貝蘭吉對生活不滿,對未來茫然,常有莫名其妙的恐懼感、孤獨感,但能保持獨立人格。有一天他在街上,發現一個街坊變成了犀牛。他驚訝。到了第二天,他發現另一個鄰居也變成了犀牛,他更吃驚。到第三天,又多一個鄰居變犀牛,他吃驚到極點,同時也很困惑,為甚麼他們會變成犀牛?變犀牛剛在生活出現,人們驚訝,或高談闊論,或覺得事不關己,漠然置之。其後變犀牛蔚然成風,人人都以犀牛為美,追隨者絡繹不絕。面對這種異化的潮流,保持獨立人格的貝蘭吉掙扎、反抗,決不隨波逐流。然而,他的反抗只是孤單的悲鳴和無力的掙扎,無助於扭轉社會的犀牛化。
為什麼選擇犀牛來象徵人類的異化?犀牛尖角,意味着具有攻擊性;犀牛皮厚,意味着麻木;犀牛笨重,對事物反應遲鈍;犀牛眼盲,意味群眾無獨立思考。犀牛化意味獨立人格喪失、精神墮落帶來社會災難。
我幾十年來時刻警惕自己不要變犀牛,但仍然曾經在左傾潮流中目盲。香港前途問題出現後,我不斷以《犀牛》故事來呼喚社會警覺。然而,觀乎近年香港的變化,這種呼籲,也許同貝蘭吉一樣,只是無力的掙扎。
https://www.facebook.com/mrleeyee 
李怡 

Rhinoceros (French original title Rhinocéros) is a play by Eugène Ionesco, written in 1959. The play belongs to the school of drama known as the Theatre of the Absurd. Over the course of three acts, the inhabitants of a small, provincial French town turn into rhinoceroses; ultimately the only human who does not succumb to this mass metamorphosis is the central character, Bérenger, a flustered everyman figure who is criticized throughout the play for his drinking and tardiness. The play is often read as a response and criticism to the sudden upsurge of CommunismFascism and Nazism during the events preceding World War II, and explores the themes of conformity, culture, mass movements, philosophy and morality.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinoceros_(play)


*****
她媽媽,來自波士頓,胖。說 tomahto。
------Susan Sontag  重生,上海譯文,2013, 151
這裡作者在記發音。譯者解釋英應是tomato.....


H/h
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H

Use in English[edit]

In English, 'h' occurs as a single-letter grapheme (being either silent or representing /h/) and in various digraphs, such as 'ch' ///ʃ//k/, or /x/), 'gh' (silent, /ɡ//k//p/, or /f/), 'ph' (/f/), 'rh' (/r/), 'sh' (/ʃ/), 'th' (/θ/ or /ð/), 'wh' (/hw/[9]). The letter is silent in a syllable rime, as in ah,ohmdahliacheetahpooh-poohed, as well as in certain other words (mostly of French origin) such as hourhonestherb (inAmerican but not British English) and vehicle. Initial /h/ is often not pronounced in the weak form of some function words including had,hashaveheherhimhis, and in some varieties of English (including most regional dialects of England and Wales) it is often omitted in all words (see h-dropping). It was formerly common for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite article before a word beginning with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, as in "an hotel", but use of a is now more usual (see English articles: Indefinite article).


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 Arthur Rackham, David  Beckham  姓氏中的h不發音


一九○六年那部《 Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens》不一樣,故事世代傳誦,又是 Arthur Rackham 畫彩色插圖,畫黑白素描,八九十英鎊算便宜,畫家簽名本標價一百多兩百英鎊我見過兩本。中國大陸把他的姓氏譯作拉克姆,我譯作賴格姆。
----董橋
http://hk.apple.nextmedia.com/supplement/columnist/art/20070311/6889527


Wikipedia
アーサー・ラッカム亞瑟·拉克姆Arthur Rackham,1867年9月19日-1939年9月6日)是一位英國插畫家。他是英國從1900年代開始至一戰前的插畫「黃金時代」代表畫家之一。死後名聲愈大,作品也常被各種賀卡採用。



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デビッド・ベッカム

大衛·羅伯特·約瑟夫·貝克漢[2]英語David Robert Joseph Beckham OBE,1975年5月2日[3][4],退役英格蘭足球運動員、前英格蘭足球代表隊隊長,該隊守門員位置以外的上場紀錄保持者[5],1999年及2001年世界足球先生亞軍[6],授大英帝國勳章

2014年7月24日 星期四

"堅果中的解構"說起

我們現在用"解構"翻譯法國思潮deconstruction之際,可能也不知道前人用"解構"的意思。



Listen to Pandora, and It Listens Back

By NATASHA SINGER

The Internet radio service has started to mine user data for the best ways to target advertising. It can deconstruct your song choices to predict, for example, your political party of choice.

在ㄧ本宗教 (香港/北京, 杜小真譯)的中文版導言: Deconstruction in a nutshell ,寫成 "堅果中的解構"...

Taiwan Extends Rate Pause as 'Global Ructions' Threaten Economy
BusinessWeek
29 (Bloomberg) -- Taiwan's central bank left interest rates unchanged for a second straight quarter to support domestic spending as Europe's sovereign-debt crisis hurts exports and threatens jobs. The central bank left the discount rate on 10-day loans ...




in a nutshell


Concisely, in a few words, as in Here's our proposal--in a nutshell, we want to sell the business to you. This hyperbolic expression alludes to the Roman writer Pliny's description of Homer's Iliad being copied in so tiny a hand that it could fit in a nutshell. For a time it referred to anything compressed, but from the 1500s on it referred mainly to written or spoken words.


ruction[ruc・tion]

  • 発音記号[rʌ'kʃən]

[名]((しばしば〜s))((英略式))けんか, 騒動, 騒ぎ, 文句, 口論.



deconstruct

Pronunciation: /ˌdiːk(ə)nˈstrʌkt/

verb

[with object]
  •  analyse (a text or linguistic or conceptual system) by deconstruction: she likes to deconstruct the texts, to uncover what they are not saying
  •  reduce (something) to its constituent parts in order to reinterpret it:I want to deconstruct this myth that poverty breeds crime

Derivatives



deconstructive

adjective

Origin:

late 19th century: back-formation from deconstruction


deconstruction

noun

[mass noun]
  •  a method of critical analysis of philosophical and literary language which emphasizes the internal workings of language and conceptual systems, the relational quality of meaning, and the assumptions implicit in forms of expression.
Deconstruction focuses on a text as such rather than as an expression of the author’s intention, stressing the limitlessness (or impossibility) of interpretation and rejecting the Western philosophical tradition of seeking certainty through reasoning by privileging certain types of interpretation and repressing others. It was effectively named and popularized by the French philosopher Jacques Derrida from the late 1960s and taken up particularly by US literary critics



*****http://ejje.weblio.jp/content/DECONSTRUCTION

deconstruction


deconstruction


 1. 解構
 注音一式 ㄐ|ㄝˇ ㄍㄡˋ
 漢語拼音 ji    u 注音二式 ji  g u
會合。淮南子˙俶真:「孰肯解構人間之事,以物煩其性命乎?」
離間。後漢書˙卷十三˙隗囂傳:「自今以後,手書相聞,勿用傍人解構之言。」

討論: James Garner, a lantern-jawed actor; 戽斗



反英雄賭俠與真正的演員






    詹姆斯·加納一聲出演過50多部電影。1985年,他因出演浪漫喜劇《墨菲羅曼史》獲奧斯卡提名。James Garner, a lantern-jawed actor who appeared in over 50 films and was nominated for an Oscar for 1985’s “Murphy’s Romance,” was perhaps best known for his TV roles in “Maverick” and “The Rockford Files.”
    這是紐約時報訃文的照片的簡譯,前後都刪一些。 a lantern-jawed actor 沒譯。這麼形象化的字眼沒翻譯出來實在有點可惜。日本的某語庫還說DHL 1913年的名著引用過它:

    形容詞

    1. With a protruding or jutting lower jaw.
    我認為lantern-jawed 就是台語的"戽斗" (下巴長的臉形)。不過教育部的臺灣閩南語詞典用這樣的解釋,真是太有學問:參考Wikipedia的:Prognathism
    詞目戽斗 
    音讀hòo-táu 
    釋義1.農家用來舀水的器具,形狀略似斗狀。
    2.下排齒比上排齒突出的嘴形。俗稱「地包天」。
    圖片  
    -----補充
    繆在facebook 給我comments....


    繆詠華 報告校長,如果你用lantern-jawed/underbite兩個詞去查google圖片,就會發現兩者的不同,underbite顯然較接近我們所謂的「戽斗」。我將lantern-jawed利用google translation轉譯成法文,則成了la mâchoire carrée(方下巴),似乎也與「戽斗」有所不同喲!
    Hanching Chung 這也是我昨天查過Google圖的疑慮之一,不過我今天查的英文解釋都近於「戽斗」。就繼續等別人的高見。
    ----


    請教lantern-jawed怎麼翻譯?它與underbite的區別。
    在我文中引兒子與情人之一例,
    我發現遠東本採用簡明牛津....類似此,張禹九上海譯文版本直接翻譯為兩頰深陷

    張華談"把英文的「虛詞」(function words )都翻譯過來"

    function words
    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Function_words

    ------


    張華兄,

    胡適晚年與蔣介石的互動(1948-1962) -國史館

    p.137 雷震引費正清的譯文,"一個"的惡法,需要你大力斧正。


     張華:
    網址打不開,再從網路上找回,請問是這一段、討論的是紅字的部分嗎:

    這是家門以內的極權主義,它削弱了我們共同的反共目標而且損害美圖在整個亞洲的聲望,它使我們喪失了對臺灣支援之正當的意識上的重要性。它對臺灣期盼在自由世界一個地區中擔任的角色,是一個挫折──在臺灣的中國領袖們也許可為在大陸奴役下的同胞們,樹立一個政治進步的楷模。
    我們廣大的援助背後竟沒有政治自由的意念嗎?我們冒了戰爭的危險保障臺灣,祇不過為了支持一個寧願使用不必要的警察國家方法,而不願見健全的政治進步的獨裁政體嗎?令人似乎無法相信的是,我們二十年的盟友蔣總統。還會未認識清楚美國在臺灣的利益,部份是基於原則的,在華府的任何一位新總統將必須制定政策;而且,美國支持一個我們許多人所鼓吹的自由的中國,並不是自動的,但卻必須要靠美國的輿論。

     張華:
    我從吳潛誠學到的重要觀念就是用中英對比的角度看兩國語言。簡單來說,就是兩者文法各不相同,不可混為一談。有的翻譯所以顯得不自然,就是過度受到原文文法的影響,像是用英文文法寫中文。
    上面費正清的譯文,更具體說就是把英文的「虛詞」(function words,應英文文法需要的詞如a, an)都翻譯過來(但a, an不見得全部是虛詞)。如從中文的角度,他譯文中有些虛詞可以刪減,如方括號所示:

    這是家門以內的極權主義,[]削弱了我們共同的反共目標[而且]損害美圖在整個亞洲的聲望,[]使我們喪失了對臺灣支援之正當的意識上的重要性。[]對臺灣期盼在自由世界[一個地區]擔任的角色,是一個挫折──在臺灣的中國領袖們也許可為在大陸奴役下的同胞們,樹立一個政治進步的楷模。
    我們廣大的援助背後竟沒有政治自由的意念嗎?我們冒了戰爭的危險保障臺灣,祇不過為了支持一個寧願使用不必要的警察國家方法,而不願見健全的政治進步的獨裁政體嗎?令人似乎無法相信的是,我們二十年的盟友蔣總統。[]還會未認識清楚美國在臺灣的利益,部份是基於原則的,[]華府的任何一位新總統將必須制定政策;而且,美國支持[一個]我們許多人所鼓吹的自由的中國,並不是自動的,但卻必須要靠美國的輿論。
    反過來看,中國人寫英文常在需要加a或an的地方忘了加,也就是因為中文文法在某些地方並不需要這些虛詞。

     張華:
    林以亮曾用紅樓夢片段模仿添加英文的虛詞,手頭沒有資料,試用同一篇文章訪英文文法為例:
    胡適致張佛泉信函無意間流露無力與悲哀感(方括號是添加的部分,為原文所無):

    [我的]生日快到了,回想[]四五十年的工作,[]好像被無數管制不力的努力打銷了,[]毀滅了。一個老朋友本月 14 [慶祝]八十歲生日,我寫了顧亭林五十初度詩兩句給他:[一個人若有][就]不須愁日暮,[他到了]老年終自望河清。